รุ่นปรับปรุงเมื่อ 06:50, 2 พฤษภาคม 2556

620

ช่วงเวลาสืบทอดพันธุ์¹ (หรือ ช่วงเวลามีบุตร¹ในสตรี) เริ่มที่ วัยสามารถผสมพันธุ์ได้² การมีระดู³ — การปรากฏขึ้นของประจำเดือน⁴ หรือ เมน⁴ในสตรี — เริ่มที่วัยสามารถผสมพันธุ์ได้ ประจำเดือนแรกเรียก การเริ่มแรกมีระดู⁵ และการมีประจำเดือนหยุดลงเมื่อถึง วัยหมดระดู⁶ ซึ่งบางครั้งเรียกว่า ช่วงระยะหมดระดู⁶ ในทางปฏิบัติ ช่วงเวลาสืบทอดพันธุ์มักจะกำหนดว่าให้เริ่มที่อายุ 15 ปี หรืออายุต่ำสุดที่จะแต่งงาน (504-1) และมักจะให้สิ้นสุดลงที่อายุ 45 หรือ 50 ปี การไม่มีประจำเดือนชั่วคราวทั้งที่เป็นปรกติดหรือเกิดจากความเจ็บป่วยเรียกว่า ภาวะขาดระดู⁷ ภาวะขาดระดูจากการตั้งครรภ์⁸เกิดขึ้นหลังจากการปฏิสนธิ และ ภาวะขาดระดูหลังคลอด⁹เกิดขึ้นหลังจากการคลอดบุตร

• 1. The terms reproductive ages or fecund ages are also used.
• 3. Menstruation, n. - menstruate, v. - menstrual, adj.
• 6. Menopause, n. - menopausal, adj. The expression change of life is used as a synonym for menopause in colloquial language.

621

สมรรถนะของผู้ชาย ของผู้หญิง หรือของคู่อยู่กินที่จะผลิตลูกที่มีชีวิตได้เรียก ความสามารถมีบุตร¹ การขาดความสามารถเช่นนั้นเรียก ความไม่สามารถมีบุตร²หรือ การเป็นหมัน² ความไม่สามารถตั้งครรภ์³และinability to procreate ^10* เป็นสาเหตุหลักแต่ไม่ใช่สาเหตุเดียวของการเป็นหมัน เมื่อใช้คำว่าการเป็นหมันคำเดียวโดดๆ จะให้ความหมายถึงการเป็นหมันถาวรที่ไม่อาจคืนกลับมาได้ แต่บ่อยครั้งที่มีการใช้คำว่าความไม่สามารถปฏิสนธิชั่วคราว ^4*และ การเป็นหมันชั่วคราว⁵เพื่อให้แตกต่างจากความไม่สามารถปฏิสนธิถาวร ^6*และ การเป็นหมันถาวร⁷ ในสตรี เราแยกความแตกต่างระหว่าง การเป็นหมันปฐมภูมิ⁸เมื่อผู้หญิงไม่เคยสามารถมีบุตรเลย กับ การเป็นหมันทุติยภูมิ⁹ซึ่งเกิดขึ้นหลังจากให้กำเนิดลูกหนึ่งคนหรือมากกว่านั้น

• 1. Fecundity, n. - fecund, adj. An alternative meaning of the term implies the ability to conceive, rather than to produce a live child. The terms sub-fecundity and sub-fecund mean either that the capacity to produce a live child is below normal, or that the probability of conception is low.
• 2. Sterility, n. - sterile, adj. Infecundity, n. - infecund, adj.

622

The term temporary sterility (621-5) is used even in instances where a woman’s inability to conceive is not the result of a pathological condition.Women are said to have sterile periods¹ in each menstrual cycle², because generally conception can occur only during a few days around the time of ovulation³. The period of sterility that extends from conception (602-1) to the return of ovulation after a delivery, which includes pregnancy (602-5) and is influenced by the duration of breastfeeding⁴, is called the nonsusceptible period⁵, particularly in mathematical models of reproduction. Temporary sterility is also used to refer to the occurrence of anovulatory cycles⁶ (i.e., menstrual cycles in which ovulation does not occur) or to abnormal periods of amenorrhea. The sub-fecundity⁷ of very young women is commonly called adolescent sterility⁸; it would be better to talk about adolescent sub-fecundity⁸.

• 5. The period between delivery and the return of ovulation is often called the period of postpartum sterility.
• 6. Also called anovular cycles.

623

Fertility¹ and infertility² refer to reproductive performance rather than capacity, and are used according to whether there was actual childbearing or not during the period under review. When it concerns the complete reproductive period, the term total infertility ^3* may be used while permanent infertility⁴ may extend from a certain age or marriage duration to the end of the childbearing years. Voluntary infertility ^5* is used when the absence of procreation corresponds to a decision of the couple (503-8). It should be noted that in many Latin languages, the cognates of fertility and fecondity are used in a sense diametrically opposite to that in English. Thus, the French fécondité and the Spanish fecundidad are properly translated by fertility, and fertilité and fertilidad by fecondity.

• 1. Fertility, n. - fertile, adj.
• 2. Infertility, n. - infertile, adj.
  Childlessness, n. - childless, adj. : refer to the state of a women, man or couple who have been so far infertile.

624

The fertility (623-1) of couples will depend upon their reproductive behavior¹. A distinction is drawn between planners², couples who attempt to regulate the number and spacing (612-1*) of their births, and non-planners³, couples who make no such attempt. Family planning⁴ has a broader meaning than family limitation⁴ which refers to efforts not to exceed the number of children wanted⁵. The terms birth control⁶ or fertility regulation⁶ are not restricted to the activities of married persons.

• 4. A classification according to family planning status distinguishes couples who have not tried to regulate the number and spacing of their children from those who have tried to do so.
• 5. Unwanted births or unintended births are those that occur after the total family size desired by the couple has been reached. They are distinguished from unplanned births that may have occurred at a time that was not intended, and perhaps outside of wedlock.

625

Family planning implies a concern with planned parenthood¹ or responsible parenthood¹, i.e., the desire to determine the number and spacing of births in conformity with the best interest of each couple, or of society. The number of children expected by a couple may differ from the desired number of children² or intended number of children² reported by the couple in a survey. Even if these goals are not revised, they may be exceeded as a result of contraceptive failures³ ; the frequency of the latter depends on contraceptive effectiveness⁴ which has two aspects. Theoretical effectiveness⁵ or physiological effectiveness⁵ indicates how reliable a method is when used all the time according to directions. Use effectiveness⁶ measures its reliability when used in everyday situations by a given population. Reasoning in terms of residual fecundability (638-7), use effectiveness is usually measured by the contraceptive failure rate⁷ which relates the number of unintended conceptions to the length of exposure to the risk of conceiving.

• 2. In other terms, birth expectations differ from reproductive intentions. A distinction is made between desired family size, the number of children a woman, man or couple wants to have, and the ideal family size which they envision for their society. Intended family size may be lower than desired family size.
• 3. Unplanned births are often opposed to planned births.
• 4. 5. and 6. Efficacy is a synonym for effectiveness in these expressions.
• 4. Not to be confused with the demographic effectiveness of a family planning program (see 626-7), or of a method in a population.

626

A family planning program¹ seeks to introduce and diffuse birth control in a group of potential users² or in a target population². Teams of fieldworkers³, including canvassers³, motivators³ and distributors³, attempt to reach and convince the population to use contraception or abortion. The success of the program can be measured by the proportion of new acceptors⁴ in the target population, or by the acceptance rate⁴; for the acceptors of contraception, the continuation rate⁵ after a certain lapse of time and its complement, the termination rate⁶ or drop-out rate⁶ are also computed. Estimates of the numbers and proportions of births averted⁷ reflect the demographic effectiveness (625-4*) of the program. Contraceptive prevalence in a population is estimated by the proportion of current users⁸ of contraception from a relevant universe, such as married women of reproductive age.

• 8. Special surveys of knowledge, attitudes and practice of contraception have been called KAP surveys in abbreviation.

627

Contraception¹ refers to measures which are taken in order to prevent sexual intercourse² or coitus² from resulting in conception; the term covers contraceptive sterilization (631-1). Birth control methods³ is used in a broader sense than contraceptive methods³ to include induced abortion (604-2). Abstinence⁴ from coitus, particularly periodic abstinence (628-4) is often included among contraceptive or birth control methods.

• 1. Contraception, n. - contraceptor, n.: one who practices contraception. Contraceptive, adj. : used for contraception.
• 4. Abstinence, n. - abstain, v.

628

A distinction is frequently drawn between appliance methods¹ of contraception and non-appliance methods². One principal non-appliance method of contraception is coitus interruptus³ or withdrawal³. Another non-appliance method of contraception is periodic abstinence⁴ or the rhythm method⁴, in which coitus is avoided during the period when the woman is believed to be fecund and takes place only during the so-called safe period⁵ of the menstrual cycle. The basal body temperature method⁶ refers to the method in which the woman keeps track of her temperature to identify the safe period.

• 1. Appliance methods include not only barrier methods which are used to prevent the union of the sperm and ovum, but also methods using other contraceptive devices such as the intra-uterine device (629-10) and other types of contraceptives such as the pill (630-4).
• 4. The term natural family planning methods has been applied collectively to cover the rhythm method, the basal body temperature method, and other techniques which attempt to identify stages of the woman’s ovulatory cycle.

629

The barrier methods which are more commonly used alone or in combination include the condom¹ or sheath¹, used by men, and the cervical cap² or pessary², the diaphragm³, tampon⁴ or sponge⁴, contraceptive jelly⁵, suppository⁶, foam tablets⁷ and douche⁸ with or without spermicide⁹, used by women. There are various types of intra-uterine devices¹⁰ (abbreviated to IUD¹⁰), including the loop¹⁰ the coil¹⁰, the copper T¹⁰, etc.

630

Oral contraceptives¹ are a method of hormonal contraception² or contraception by steroids³. These inhibit ovulation by regular ingestion of the pill⁴, or by injections or implants.

631

Sterilization¹ results from various surgical procedures: on the male, vasectomy² or occlusion ^3* involves tying and cutting the vas deferens; on the female tubal ligation⁴ and salpingectomy⁵ or tubectomy⁵ involve interventions on the fallopian tubes. Hysterectomy⁶ or excision of the uterus, also involves sterilization of the woman.

• 4. and 5. Various procedures are used to gain access to the Fallopian tubes, such as laparotomy, colpotomy or laparoscopy.

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