พจนานุกรมประชากรศาสตร์พหุภาษา ฉบับปรับให้เป็นเอกภาพ ปรับปรุงครั้งที่สอง ภาษาไทย

ข้อความปฏิเสธความรับผิดชอบ : ผู้สนับสนุนทั้งหลายของดีโมพีเดียไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วยกับความหมายของศัพท์ต่างๆ ที่อยู่ในพจนานุกรมฉบับปรังปรุงนี้ พจนานุกรมประชากรศาสตร์พหุภาพ ฉบับปรับให้เป็นเอกภาพ ปรับปรุงครั้งที่สอง ยังอยู่่ระหว่างการดำเนินงาน หากต้องการเสนอข้อคิดเห็นใดๆ กรุณาใช้พื้นที่อภิปราย

610

การเกิดจำแนกออกตาม ความถูกต้องตามกฎหมาย¹ เด็กที่ถูกต้องตามกฎหมาย²อาจนิยามอย่างเคร่งคัดว่าหมายถึงเด็กที่บิดาและมารดาแต่งงานกันในเวลาที่ปฏิสนธิ แต่ในทางปฏิบัติ การจำแนกเช่นนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับสถานภาพสมรสของมารดา ณ เวลาของการเกิด หรือหลังจากการสิ้นสลายของการแต่งงาน (510-3) ก็ขึ้นอยู่กับสถานภาพสมรสของมารดา ณ เวลาของการปฏิสนธิ การเกิดที่ถูกต้องตามกฎหมาย³เป็นการคลอดของเด็กที่ถูกต้องตามกฎหมาย การเกิดอื่นนอกจากนั้นเป็น การเกิดที่ไม่ถูกต้องตามกฎหมาย⁴ It is general practice to consider as legitimate the children who result from pre-marital conceptions⁵ or pre-nuptial conceptions⁵ (i.e., conceptions occurring before marriage) provided that the parents are married to each other at the time of the birth. An illegitimate child⁶ or child born out of wedlock⁶ may be legitimized⁸ or legitimated⁸ by the subsequent marriage of its parents. The process of legitimation⁹, which varies in different countries, may confer on the illegitimate child some or all of the legal rights of legitimate children. In some legal systems it is possible for a father to grant recognition⁷ to, or acknowledge⁷, his illegitimate child, i.e., to admit in legal form that he is the child’s father.

• 5. Bridal pregnancies is also used in this connection.
• 6. The legal term bastard has acquired a derogatory meaning but is occasionally used by historical demographers. According to the law of some countries a child is illegitimate if it results from adulterous relations or extra-marital relations i.e., a connection between a married woman and a man other than her husband, but such a birth is not always registered as illegitimate. .

611

Births are also classified by birth order¹, e.g. first births, second births, etc. Birth order is usually determined by considering all previous births to the mother³, and sometimes only births of the present marriage². Birth order is generally based on live births only, but occasionally late foetal deaths are taken into account as well. A classification of women by confinement order⁴ is made in the same way as for births by counting all pregnancies which lasted at least 28 weeks, and reckoning multiple births as one confinement (cf. 603-4). Similarly a classification by pregnancy order⁵ is made by counting all known pregnancies. In medical parlance, a woman is called nulligravida⁶ if she has never been pregnant; the terms primigravida⁷ and multigravida⁸ respectively are used for a woman who is pregnant for the first time or who has been pregnant before. Women are also classified by parity⁹, usually on the basis of the number of children born alive, although in biological literature the term refers to the number of confinements, and a woman who has had no confinement at all is said to be a nullipara¹⁰ or nulliparous¹⁰. Similarly, a woman is termed a primipara¹¹ and deemed to be primiparous¹¹ at her first confinement and a multipara¹² or multiparous¹² at subsequent confinements.

• 1. Higher order births are births occurring after the last specified order, e.g. fifth and higher order births.
• 9. A woman who has not borne any live children is called a zero-parity woman, a one-parity woman has borne one child but no more, and so on.

612

Studies of birth timing¹ deal with the length of birth intervals². These include the interval between marriage and the first birth³ and intervals between successive births⁴. The interval between a birth and a fixed date, such as that of a census (202-1 *) or survey (203-4), is called an open birth interval⁵; intervals that begin before and end after that date are called straddling intervals⁶. The interval between marriage and the N^th birth⁷ is also used to study the timing of births.

• 1. Birth spacing, although sometimes found in the sense of birth timing as above, is commonly used to refer to the deliberate efforts of couples to postpone a birth.
• 3. Also called first birth intervals. The second birth interval is that between the first and the second birth; and so on.
• 4. As seen from the vantage of that census or survey, the intervals between the recorded successive births are called closed birth intervals.

613

In computing the period of exposure to the risk of conception¹ it is necessary to consider pregnancy intervals². The interval between marriage and the first pregnancy is the conception delay³ or first pregnancy interval³. The period between the end of one pregnancy and the beginning of the next is the inter-pregnancy interval⁴. If the time when the woman had no sexual activity is subtracted, a net inter-pregnancy interval⁵ is obtained. The period between the end of the last pregnancy and the date of a survey is called an open inter-pregnancy interval⁶.