พจนานุกรมประชากรศาสตร์พหุภาษา ฉบับปรับให้เป็นเอกภาพ ปรับปรุงครั้งที่สอง ภาษาไทย

ข้อความปฏิเสธความรับผิดชอบ : ผู้สนับสนุนทั้งหลายของดีโมพีเดียไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วยกับความหมายของศัพท์ต่างๆ ที่อยู่ในพจนานุกรมฉบับปรังปรุงนี้ พจนานุกรมประชากรศาสตร์พหุภาพ ฉบับปรับให้เป็นเอกภาพ ปรับปรุงครั้งที่สอง ยังอยู่่ระหว่างการดำเนินงาน หากต้องการเสนอข้อคิดเห็นใดๆ กรุณาใช้พื้นที่อภิปราย

520

ความถี่การแต่งงานเชิงสัมพัทธ์วัดได้ด้วย อัตราการแต่งงาน¹ หรือ อัตราสมรส¹ ซึ่งรวม อัตราการแต่งงานอย่างหยาบ²ที่ให้อัตราส่วนของจำนวนรวมของการแต่งงานทั้งหมดต่อจำนวนประชากรทั้งหมดในช่วงเวลาหนึ่ง ภาวะสมรสชาย³และ ภาวะสมรสหญิง⁴มีความแตกต่างกัน และสามารถศึกษาแยกจากกัน ศัพท์คำว่า male nuptiality³ and female nuptiality⁴ are used for the marriage frequency of the different sexes. A sex-specific marriage rate⁵ can be computed with the appropriate population of each sex as a base. It is usual to distinguish between a first marriage rate⁶, which relates the number of bachelors or spinsters (515-3 and 4) marrying to the total number of bachelors and spinsters respectively and a remarriage rate⁷ which relates the number of remarriages to the total number qf widowed and divorced persons. Similar rates can be computed by age or age-group of husband and wife whenever marriages are classified by age at marriage⁸ of each spouse; such rates are called age-specific marriage rates⁹. The tabulation of spouses by age at marriage permits the computation of the mean age at marriage¹⁰ or average age at marriage¹⁰ for the given year or period. Age differences between spouses¹¹ can be analyzed from a classification of the combined ages¹² of the spouses.

• 2. Sometimes the crude marriage rate is obtained by relating the number of newly married persons to the total population.
• 9. The terms marriage frequencies and first marriage frequencies have sometimes been used to refer to the ratio of the number of marriages or first marriages at a certain age, to the total number of persons of that age, irrespective of their marital status. Cumulated marriage frequencies and cumulated first marriage frequencies are used in cohort studies.

521

The prevalence of marriage in a generation of men or women is measured by the proportion never married¹. This is usually equivalent to the proportion remaining single² at an age such as 50 after which first marriages are rare. The proportion remaining single at each age in a cohort can be computed from first marriage probabilities³, i.e. the proportion of single persons at exact age x who will marry before exact age x + 1, assuming that there is no mortality. For practical purposes, however, the proportion remaining single is usually obtained from census data as the proportion single⁴ at that age in the corresponding cohort. When a classification of first marriages by age of the spouses is available the mean age at first marriage⁵, the median age at first marriage⁶ and the modal age at first marriage⁷ can all be computed. In the absence of data on the timing of marriages, it is often possible to compute a singulate mean age at marriage⁸ from census data on the proportions single by age.

522

Nuptiality tables¹ resemble life tables, and combine various nuptiality functions. The gross nuptiality table¹ includes, by age, the first marriage probabilities (521-3) and proportions remaining single (521-2), as well as the number of first marriages² in a cohort of given size subjected to the prevailing nuptiality on the assumption that there is no mortality; it also gives the numbers remaining single³ at various ages. The net nuptiality table⁴ takes mortality as well as nuptiality into account, and is a particular case of double decrement tables (153-4). Such a table includes the single survivors⁵, the ever-married survivors⁶, the probability of single survival⁷ and the expectation of unmarried life⁸.

523

A divorce rate¹ can be calculated in different ways. The crude divorce rate² gives the ratio of the number of divorces to the average population during a given period. The ratio of divorces to the number of married couples is sometimes computed and may be called the divorce rate for married persons³. If divorces are tabulated by the age of the divorced person or by duration of marriage, age-specific divorce rates⁴ and duration-specific divorce rates⁵ can be computed. Another index of divorce frequency is obtained by computing the number of divorces per new marriage⁶.

• 6. This is a period measure which relates the divorces of one year, either to the marriages of that year, or to a weighted average of the marriages of several years. In cohort analysis, it is possible to relate divorces in successive years to an initial marriage cohort to compute the cumulated proportion divorced.

524

When the requisite basic statistics are available, marriage dissolution probabilities¹ may be computed, showing for each sex the probability of the marriage being dissolved by death or divorce according to duration of marriage²; marriage dissolution tables are an application of double decrement life tables. Remarriage tables for widowed and divorced persons can also be computed, but the most common indices of remarriage are the relative frequency of remarriage³, i.e. the proportion of widowed or divorced persons who remarry, often given by age at widowhood or divorce, and by the interval between widowhood or divorce and remarriage. The latter information enables one to compute the mean interval between widowhood and remarriage⁴ and the mean interval between divorce and remarriage⁵.