พจนานุกรมประชากรศาสตร์พหุภาษา ฉบับปรับให้เป็นเอกภาพ ปรับปรุงครั้งที่สอง ภาษาไทย

ข้อความปฏิเสธความรับผิดชอบ : ผู้สนับสนุนทั้งหลายของดีโมพีเดียไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วยกับความหมายของศัพท์ต่างๆ ที่อยู่ในพจนานุกรมฉบับปรังปรุงนี้ พจนานุกรมประชากรศาสตร์พหุภาพ ฉบับปรับให้เป็นเอกภาพ ปรับปรุงครั้งที่สอง ยังอยู่่ระหว่างการดำเนินงาน หากต้องการเสนอข้อคิดเห็นใดๆ กรุณาใช้พื้นที่อภิปราย

401

การศึกษา ภาวะการตาย¹เกี่ยวข้องกับการศึกษาผลกระทบของการตายที่มีต่อประชากร ศัพท์ทั่วไป อัตราการตาย² หรือ อัตราตาย²ตีวงรอบอัตรา (133-4) ทั้งหมดซึ่งวัดความถี่ของ การตาย³ เมื่อใช้คำว่าอัตราตายโดยไม่มีคุณศัพท์ใดขยายความต่อไป โดยทั่วไปจะหมายถึง อัตราตายอย่างหยาบ⁴ (cf. 136-8 สำหรับคำอธิบายทั่วไปของอัตราอย่างหยาบ). This is generally an annual rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the mean population⁵ or average population⁵ for the period, and the population at the mid-point of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a sub-population (101-6) only is studied, we speak of specific death rates (134-6) among which sex-age-specific death rates⁶ are the most common. Age specific death rates⁷ without distinction of sex are also used on occasion.

• 2. Occasionally the term mortality is used as a synonym for mortality rate or death rate.
• 3. Death, n. - die, v. - dead, adj.syn. -deceased, adj. or n.
• 5. When the observation period exceeds one year, the mean population is generally obtained as the average of several estimates of the size of the population for each year. The average number of persons years (135-6) is also used as denominator.

402

Specific death rates may be used to study differential mortality¹ or mortality differences¹ between groups, and reference is made to an excess mortality² of one group as compared with another, or with the rest of the population. It is measured by an excess mortality index ^3*. The study of differences in the death rates of specific occupations is called the study of occupational mortality⁴. In a rather different sense the term occupational mortality⁵ may refer to the mortality from hazards associated with a particular occupation. Among these, we may mention occupational diseases⁶.

• 1. Differentials in mortality is also encountered.
• 2. The expression excess male mortality implies a comparison with the corresponding female mortality, e.g. at the same age.

403

Crude death rates (401-4) will depend upon the structure [particularly the age structure (325-6)] of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared standardized mortality rates¹ or adjusted mortality rates¹ are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in population structure (144-4). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a standard population² with a given structure. If specific rates (134-6) for the population studied are available, it is possible to use the direct method of standardization³ which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the indirect method of standardization⁴. More frequently, comparative mortality indices⁵ are computed by applying standard mortality rates⁶ to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths; the indices are then obtained by comparing the observed deaths⁷ in the population with the expected deaths⁸ which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.

1, Standardize, v. - standardized, adj. - standardization, n.: the process of standardizing.

• 5. If a crude death rate (401-4) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an indirectly standardized death rate. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a comparative mortality figure and that obtained by indirect standardization a standardized mortality ratio.