พจนานุกรมประชากรศาสตร์พหุภาษา ฉบับปรับให้เป็นเอกภาพ ปรับปรุงครั้งที่สอง ภาษาไทย

ข้อความปฏิเสธความรับผิดชอบ : ผู้สนับสนุนทั้งหลายของดีโมพีเดียไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วยกับความหมายของศัพท์ต่างๆ ที่อยู่ในพจนานุกรมฉบับปรังปรุงนี้ พจนานุกรมประชากรศาสตร์พหุภาพ ฉบับปรับให้เป็นเอกภาพ ปรับปรุงครั้งที่สอง ยังอยู่่ระหว่างการดำเนินงาน หากต้องการเสนอข้อคิดเห็นใดๆ กรุณาใช้พื้นที่อภิปราย

201

Current population statistics¹ may be distinguished from statistics of population change². They deal with the static aspects of the subject and give an instantaneous picture of the population at a given moment of time: the statistical units (110-1) used are generally households (110-3), individuals (110-2), etc. Statistics of population change are concerned with the continuous processes of change which affect a population, and deal largely with vital events³,such as births, marriages, deaths, and with migration (801-1). Nonrenewable events⁴ (e.g. deaths) may be distinguished from renewable events⁵ such as pregnancies, births or migratory moves; renewable events are assigned an order⁶ based on the number of previous events of the same nature for the same person. Statistics of population change are a principal source for the study of population processes⁷, sometimes called population dynamics⁷. Censuses (cf. 202) are the main source of information on the state of the population⁸ . Vital Statistics (212-1) are the primary source of data for the study of population growth⁹ (cf. 701). Occasionally they deal with natural increase¹⁰ only, i.e. they do not take into account movement between the population studied and other populations, but logically migration statistics (812-1) are a part of the statistics of population change.

• 9. The term population movement is used to refer to the geographical movement of a population.

202

Population censuses¹ are taken to obtain information about the state of the population (201-8) at a given time. Most commonly all inhabitants of a particular country are counted simultaneously:. the census is then called a general census² Occasionally, however, only a section of the population is counted, e.g. the inhabitants of a given area, in which case the census is called a partial census³. The term "Census", however, denotes that an attempt was made to enumerate every member of the population concerned and to achieve complete coverage⁴ of the population. A micro census⁵ is limited to a sample of the population, usually large in size, and belongs in the category of sample surveys⁶. Censuses or surveys are sometimes preceded by pre-tests⁷ or pilot surveys⁷. A post-enumeration survey⁹ is taken after a census to verify the accuracy and completeness of enumeration.

• 1. Census, n. - censal, adj. The intercensal period is the time elapsing between two successive censuses.
  Modern censuses correspond to what used to be called head counts. Population counts included any estimation procedure, however imprecise, based for example on the counting of baptisms (214-2) registered for a number of years, or of hearths (110-3) or even parishes (214-1).

203

An enumeration¹ is any operation which is designed to yield a population total. It differs from a simple count² in that a list³ is generally prepared. An inquiry⁴ or survey⁴ on the other hand, is generally an operation which is designed to furnish information on a special subject (e.g. the labor force) and which has limited aims. A field inquiry⁵ or field survey⁵ is an inquiry in which information is obtained by personal interview⁶. In postal inquiries⁷ or mailback surveys⁷ questionnaires (206-3) are sent out by post with a request to return them completed. A retrospective survey⁸ focuses on past demographic events; in a multiround survey⁹ those events that occurred since the previous survey are noted from the second round on. This type of survey should not be confused with a call back¹⁰, a term used to describe the instance where the interviewer is obliged to make several attempts to reach a respondent. In censuses, information may be obtained by either direct interview¹¹, or by self-enumeration¹². In the first method, also called canvasser method¹¹ the enumerator (204-2) notes the information provided by or about the respondents; in the second method, also called householder method¹², the questionnaire is completed by the respondents (204-1) themselves. Self-enumeration may take the form of a mail census¹³.

• 1. Enumeration, n. - enumerate, v.
• 2. Count, n. - count, v.
• 3. List, n. - list, v.
• 4. Survey, n. - survey, v.

204

Persons who answer questions in a census (202-1) or a survey (203-4) are called respondents¹ or informants¹. Persons who collect (130-4) the information are called interviewers², field workers² or enumerators², the last term being usually reserved for persons collecting information in a census. Enumerators usually work under the control of supervisors³ or inspectors³. General censuses (202-2) are usually taken by the statistical departments⁴ of individual countries.

• 4. In the United States of America the office responsible for the census is called the Bureau of the Census; in England and Wales it is the General Register Office, in Scotland the General Registry Office; both are headed by a Registrar General.

205

Censuses are usually compulsory¹, i.e. respondents (204-1) are under a legal obligation to provide the required information; in this respect they are different from voluntary inquiries² (cf. 203-4), where the problem of non-response³ may become important This is particularly the case in postal inquiries (203-7), where it is often necessary to follow-up⁴ the first questionnaire by a second, or sometimes by a visit. Non-respondents⁵ are frequently divided into those who refuse⁶, i.e. who are unwilling to cooperate in the inquiry, and those who could not be found by the interviewer (204-2). The latter are counted as absentees⁷ or no contacts⁷. The proportion of refusals⁸ in response to a given question is an useful index of the reactions of the respondents. The replacement of an unusable sample unit with another unit is referred to as substitution⁹. j

• 6. Refuse, v. - refusal, n.
• 7. Absentee, n. - absent, v. - absence, n.

206

The forms¹ used for the collection of information have a number of different names. The term schedule² is frequently used, especially the term census schedule². Most of the forms are questionnaires³, particularly when they are designed for completion⁴ by the respondents themselves. At other times, officials obtain statements⁵, or particulars⁶ which they extract⁷ from documents primarily used for non-statistical purposes. The questions are usually of two basic types: closed ended questions⁸ in which a respondent replies by selecting one out of a limited number of responses listed on the questionnaire or open ended questions⁹ to which the respondent may give a spontaneous answer.

207

A census schedule (206-2) may be an individual schedule¹ containing information relating only to a single individual, a household schedule² containing information relating to each of the members of the household (110-3), or a collective schedule³, nominal list³ or enumerator’s schedule³ on which the enumerator (204-2) enters 34 successively data for all the persons he enumerates. There may be special schedules for the institutional population (310-7), which are called institutional schedules⁴.